Anxiety Disorder (Part I)

Anxiety Disorders  are the most common disorders, or frequently occurring mental disorders, which in this case involves a group of conditions that are divided between anxiety disorders as extreme or pathological disturbance of mood or emotional tone. Anxiety, which is understood as the opposite of normal fear, is the incarnation by mood disorders, as well as of thinking, behavior, and physiological activity.




Types of Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders can include:
1. Panic disorder (with and without a history of agoraphobia / fear of open spaces),
2. Agoraphobia / fear of open spaces (with and without a history of panic disorder),
3. Generalized anxiety disorder,
4. Specific phobia,
5. Social phobia,
6. Obsessive-compulsive disorder,
7. Acute stress disorder, and
8. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (DSM-IV).
In addition, there are adjustment disorders with anxious features, anxiety disorder due to general medical conditions, substance-induced anxiety disorder due, and the category of anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (DSM-IV).

Anxiety disorders are not just happening in America alone, but can be found in various human cultures (Regier et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 1994; Weissman et al., 1997). In the United States alone, the incidence rate of anxiety disorders for 1 year in early adult age group of 18-54 years exceeds 16% and this figure has increased significantly and comorbidity with mood disorders and substance abuse disorders. (Regier et al., 1990; Goldberg & Lecrubier, 1995; Magee et al., 1996).

The longitudinal course of these disorders is influenced by the age of onset of symptoms found. Chronicity, relapsing or recurrent episodes of pain reduction and the period of disability (Keller & Hanks, 1994; Gorman & Coplan, 1996; Liebowitz, 1997; Marcus et al., 1997) . Although few psychological cases of adult suicides has highlighted comorbid conditions (Conwell & Brent, 1995), and it seems like the rate of comorbid anxiety in suicide is often underestimated. Panic disorder and agoraphobia. particularly associated with increased risk of attempted suicide (Hornig & McNally, 1995; American Psychiatric Association, 1998).

Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Panic attack is a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort that is associated with numerous somatic and cognitive symptoms (DSM-IV). Collection of these symptoms include palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, a sense of choking, chest pain (tightness) , nausea and gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness or spinning head, tingling, burning sensation that spread in this muka.Serangan usually occurs suddenly, with a long attack ranges from 10 to 15 minutes.
Some victims claim to feel a sense of panic attacks "scared to death", like crazy, or loss of emotional control and behavior (eg, women often screaming uncontrollably when to panic)
Traumatic experiences will be recorded in human memory systems and the experience would lead one to avoid the place, an atmosphere where he gets these panic attacks, panic attacks or if it is followed by a physical disorder such shortness of breath, or chest tightness, then usually the victim would immediately ask medical help even though physically nothing medically that triggered the attack sec-felt by the patient.
Panic attacks are generally rarely lasts more than 30 minutes and a clinical diagnosis of panic attacks can be identified with a minimum 4 simpom cognitive and somatic signs as described above.'s Panic attack is distinguished from other anxiety dilhat formation of the intensity and type of attack (sudden or not) , and these symptoms usually look natural.
Furthermore, panic attacks can be classified to the relationship between the onset serangandan presence or absence of trigger factor. More simply, panic attacks as an attack bus adigambarkan the unexpected (enexpected), dependent / attached to the situation, and greatly influenced by the situation (p. it is a general overview, but may be described differently in special cases)
Noteworthy is that panic attacks are not always indicative of saying a person suffering from mental disorder, and simply note that more than 10 percent of otherwise healthy people experience panic attacks (Barlow, 1988; Klerman et al., 1991). Panic attacks are also not limited to panic disorder panic disorder which commonly occur in the course of social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder (DSM-IV).
Panic disorder is diagnosed when a person experiences at least two simptomp a sudden panic attacks and develops into a sense of fear or worry that persistent (permanent) will be the next panic attack or the discovery of changes in habit to anticipate the occurrence of panic attacks again. When the number and severity of cases of attacks varies greatly, a sense of fear and rejection behavior becomes the main thing to note.
Diagnosis can not be applied when the attack was thought to be caused by medication or medical treatment or because of symptoms caused by other diseases, such as hyperthyroidism.

Causes of Panic Disorder
Epidemiological studies mention the average incidence rate of panic disorder is a lifetime of 2-4 percent and the average incidence during one year was 2 percent (Kessler et al., 1994; Weissman et al., 1997) (Table 4-1 ). Panic disorder is often complicated by major depressive disorder (50-65 percent lifetime comorbidity rates) followed by alcohol and substance abuse (20-30 percent) (Keller & Hanks, 1994; Magee et al., 1996; Liebowitz, 1997).
Panic disorder is often found in conjunction with other anxiety disorders, including social phobia (up to 30%), generalized anxiety disorder (s / d 25%), specific phobia (s / d 20%) and obsessive compulsive disorder (s / d 10%) (DSM-IV). As a separate explanation, approximately one half of patients with panic disorder at some point develop into a serious denial of special needs to be explained separately, panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Apparently gender issues can not be separated from the problem of panic disorder in which the number of patients found the woman doubled diabanding men (American Psychiatric Association, 1998). Age beginning of the attacks occur most commonly at the end of Adolescence (usually occurs at age 17-21 years), and middle adult stage (50-65 years) and the beginning of the attacks rarely occur after the age of more than 50 years. Found also continuous development between syndroma anxiety at a young age, such as separation anxiety disorder will. Usually the younger the attacks of panic disorder is the case, the greater the risk of comorbidity, chronicity, and weakness was carrying.

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